Lipopolysaccharide (Escherichia coli 0111:B4)

Overview

Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) is a characteristic component of the cell wall of Gram-negative bacteria. LPS and its lipid A part can stimulate the innate immune system cells through Toll-like receptor protein family members, specifically Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4), which can recognize common pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs). Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) is distributed in the outer layer of the cell membrane and is present on the cell surface of non-encapsulated strains. LPS maintains the integrity of the outer membrane. Additionally, it protects cells from bile salt stress and lipophilic antibiotics.