Application Study 1: High-Yield Production of Malic Acid
Malic acid is a critical building block for polyesters. Utilizing a highly efficient CRISPR/Cas12a system combined with suicide plasmids, research has achieved the dual knockout of aceA and icl. This redirection forced carbon flux into the malic acid pathway, resulting in a yield of 26.2 g/L using glycerol—a 3.5-fold increase over wild-type strains.
(Reference: Mikaili et al., 2021)
Application Study 2: Engineering Eco-friendly PHA Bioplastics
Polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHAs) are vital biodegradable plastics. Through a CRISPR/Cas9-assisted recombination system, technical benchmarks achieved the knockout of phaZ (degradase) and glpR (repressor), coupled with the knock-in of phaC1 synthase. This allowed for high-efficiency PHA production from glycerol, with PHA content reaching 70% of cell dry weight.
(Reference: Liu et al., 2023)
Application Study 3: Waste-to-Value Production of Biosurfactants
Rhamnolipids are essential surfactants for cosmetics and oil recovery. Using CRISPR/Cas9 and I-SceI counter-selection, researchers integrated the rhlAB cluster into a safe-harbor site while knocking out gcd and pykA. The engineered strains produced 5 g/L of rhamnolipids using substrates like oil residues, drastically reducing production costs.
(Reference: Bator et al., 2025)
Application Study 4: para-Hydroxybenzoic Acid (pHBA) Synthesis
pHBA is a high-value precursor for liquid crystal polymers. Utilizing a combined CRISPR/Cas9 and CRISPRi strategy, researchers knocked out competitive enzymes (catA and pobA) while upregulating the shikimate pathway. This achieved a high titer of 12.5 g/L, demonstrating that engineered P. putida is more cost-competitive than traditional systems for aromatic synthesis.
(Reference: Cui et al., 2024)